Insulin signaling in primary adipocytes in insulin sensitive and insulin resistant states

نویسنده

  • Siri Aili Fagerholm
چکیده

Increasing numbers of people world-wide develops the disease type 2 diabetes. Development of type 2 diabetes is characterized by a shift from an insulin sensitive state to an insulin resistant state in peripheral insulin responding organs, which originates from the development of insulin resistance in the adipose tissue. Insulin resistance in combination with reduced pancreatic insulin secretion lead to overt type 2 diabetes. In this thesis, the insulin signaling network in primary adipocytes was analyzed. Key proteins and mechanisms were studied to gain deeper knowledge of signaling both in the insulin sensitive state and in the insulin resistant state produced by rapid weight gain as well as in type 2 diabetes. The surface of the adipocyte is dotted with invaginations in the cell membrane called caveolae that act as important metabolic and signaling platforms in adipocytes, and also harbor the insulin receptor. In paper I we show that insulin stimulation of primary adipocytes results in a rapid phosphorylation of the insulin receptor and caveolin-1, and that internalization of the proteins is mediated by endocytosis of caveolae. Weight gain due to overfeeding and obesity has been associated with the development of insulin resistance in insulin sensitive tissues such as the adipose tissue. In paper II we show that short-term overfeeding for one month of lean subjects results in an insulin resistant state. At the end of study, the subjects had developed mild systemic insulin resistance. Moreover, in isolated subcutaneous adipocytes we found several alterations of the insulin signaling pathway that mimicked alterations found in isolated subcutaneous adipocytes from subjects with type 2 diabetes. In paper III we present a first dynamic mathematical model of the insulin signaling network in human adipocytes that are based on experimental data acquired in a consistent fashion. The model takes account of insulin signaling in both the healthy, insulin sensitive state and in the insulin resistant state of type 2 diabetes. We show that attenuated mTORC1-mediated positive feedback to control of phosphorylation of IRS1 at Ser307 is an essential component of the insulin resistant state of type 2 diabetes. A future application of the model is the identification and evaluation of drug targets for the treatment of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. In paper IV we examine the protein kinase that catalyzes the insulin stimulated mTORC1-mediated feedback to IRS1. We find that the phosphorylation of IRS1 at Ser307 is not likely to be catalyzed by the kinases S6K1, mTOR or PKB. However, a catalyzing protein kinase for the in vitro phosphorylation of IRS1 at Ser307 was found to be associated with the complex mTORC1. In conclusion, this thesis provide new insights and characterize mechanisms of the intrinsically complex insulin signaling network of primary adipocytes, both in insulin sensitive and insulin resistant states. Populärvetenskaplig sammanfattning Flera hundra miljoner människor lever idag med sjukdomen typ 2 diabetes och antalet personer med sjukdomen förväntas öka. Ökningen beror delvis på att allt fler människor blir överviktiga eller feta och utvecklar insulinresistens. Insulinresistens innebär att vävnader som normalt är känsliga för insulin såsom fettoch muskelvävnad inte svarar fullt ut på insulinets stimulerande verkan för att förmå vävnaderna att till exempel ta upp socker ur blodet efter en måltid. Vid typ 2 diabetes utsöndras dessutom otillräckliga mängder insulin till blodet av bukspottskörteln. Insulinresistens i kombination med mindre insulinfrisättning leder till höga sockernivåer i blodet som är skadligt för kroppen på lång sikt. Målet med min forskning har varit att öka kunskapen om insulinets påverkan på samspelande proteiner i fettceller. Specifikt, har jag analyserat proteiner i insulinsignalöverföringsvägen i enskilda fettceller vid insulinkänsliga tillstånd och vid insulinresistens till följd av snabb viktuppgång och vid typ 2 diabetes. Insulin binder till insulinreceptorer på cellytan. Insulinreceptorerna hittas i små inbuktningar i fettcellens yta som kallas ”caveolae”. Vi har funnit att när fettcellerna stimuleras med insulin så snörps caveolae av från cellytan och proteinet caveolin-1 tas in i cellen tillsammans med insulinreceptorn. Vi har även studerat framrenade fettceller från smala personer som under en månad kraftigt ökade sitt energiintag. Under studien åt personerna mer än dubbelt så många kalorier som innan studien påbörjades, vilket gav en markant viktuppgång. Personerna utvecklade samtidigt en måttlig insulinresistens på helkroppsnivå och i fettcellerna fann vi en förändrad aktivitet hos flera proteiner i insulinsignalvägen som svar på insulin. En fettcell utgörs till största del av en droppe olja (fett) där energi från mat som vi äter lagras för framtida behov. Ju mer olja som lagras in i oljedroppen desto mer växer fettcellerna. Vid fetma är fettcellerna i vissa fall sprängfyllda av olja. Vi föreslår en mekanism för hur fettceller kan begränsa inlagringen av mer fett för att inte spricka. I denna mekanism har proteinkomplexet mTORC1 en avgörande roll genom att kontrollera ett protein som är associerat till komplexet. Det associerade proteinet påverkar aktiviteten hos ett annat mycket viktigt protein i insulin signaleringen, proteinet IRS1. Vi har också utvecklat en omfattande matematisk modell som beskriver insulinsignalering i fettceller i insulinkänsligt tillstånd, och vid insulinresistens och typ 2 diabetes. Med hjälp av denna modell kan vi visa att insulinresistensen i fettceller från personer med typ 2 diabetes kan förklaras med en nedsatt aktivitet hos mTORC1 mot IRS1, i kombination med minskade nivåer av insulinreceptorn och sockertransportören GLUT4. Modellen kan också användas för att identifiera och testa nya potentiella mål för läkemedel avsedda att användas i behandlingen av insulinresistens och typ 2 diabetes. List of original papers This thesis is based on the following papers, which are referred to in the text by their

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تاریخ انتشار 2013